I'll try to answer your questions.
A trs cable is a balanced cable, it should work for your keys, if you have a balanced output, but a regular instrument cable will probably work too.
Keyboard: take the line out of the keyboard and plug it into the fastracks line in. Create an audio track in logic and arm it for recording. You should hear the internal keyboard sounds.
An electric guitar would use an instrument cable to record . An electric acoustic could use an instrument cable if the pickup is decent, or I always use external mics for acoustics.
You have a condenser mic, does the fastrak have phantom power? You need it to run condensers. It would be a switch labeled phantom power or 48v on the hardware or the software for the fastrak. What model of rode mic? What keyboard?

